Introduction:

People aged 65 years or over are increasing in number for a long time worldwide. According to the World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Population Division, 2022), there were 771 million people aged 65 years or over globally in 2022, which occupied almost 10 percent of the entire population around the world. As the prediction by UNDESA, the proportion of older people in the world will be approximately 12 percent in 2030 and 16 percent in 2050. Europa has the almost most significant proportion of the older population nowadays, with about 19 percent in 2022 (UNDESA, Population Division, 2022), which is also predicted that one-quarter of persons in Europa could be aged 65 or over by 2050.

Within the global context of the increasingly ageing population, old age poverty is an increasingly serious problem as well. As the report Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: A Celebration and a Challenge by the United Nations Population Fund & HelpAge International (2012), old age poverty is one of the main threats to the well-being of older people, which is related to numerous kinds of elements, such as low income, a few pension benefits, low literacy, poor health and malnutrition, access to health care, basic services or adequate shelter, etc. They also argued that many older persons have less income and face difficulties in reducing their capacity for work, which promotes the possibility to become and remain poor.

As Ebbinghaus (2021) studied based on the data across Europa, although old age poverty is not an urgent issue in advanced welfare states, the Coronavirus pandemic of 2020 stimulate the economic problems which caused increasing inequality in old age poverty and health care services. Meanwhile, Ebbinghaus also pointed that the adequacy of retirement income was lacked investigated under the background of the financial sustainability of pension systems in European states. Since the Covid-19 pandemic sprawled around the world, the CPI (Consumer Price Index) has jumped up more quickly than the situation before 2020 (Consumer Price Index., no date). Based on this background, there is the hypothesis will be explored: With the increasing CPI, older people in poverty have less access to healthcare services since Covid-19 pandemic at a city-level of Leipzig.

As elucidated in the comprehensive scoping review conducted by Kwan and Walsh (2018), extant research pertaining to old age poverty predominantly assumes a macroscopic or generalized perspective. This emphasis on broader contexts, as opposed to more specific and localized frameworks, such as community, urban, provincial, or state-level analyses, has been notably conspicuous. Furthermore, within the extensive repositories of academic literature, including JSTOR, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, there is a discernible paucity of scholarly articles that employ visualizing methodologies to examine the intricate facets of old age poverty.

In light of this scholarly lacuna and cognizant of the potential value of visual modes of inquiry, this research endeavours to embark on an exploration at the city-level. A multi-modal approach shall be employed, with the overarching aim of graphically depicting and visually conveying the premises of the formulated hypothesis. This visual representation of empirical data is envisioned to enrich the analytical depth of the study, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a literature review of old-age poverty, health inequality, and relevant definitions and policies. Section 3 introduces the research methods employed in this study. Section 4 describes the data collection and geo-visualization process for the case study in Leipzig, which served as the location for estimating healthcare services for old-age poverty. Section 5 presents the research results of the case study in Leipzig. Section 6 provides further discussion based on the data analysis and expectations for future research. Finally, the conclusion clarifies the contributions and limitations of this study.

This academic study is based on the project "Maps and Atlases as Mediators and Producers of Space (Knowledge) under the Global Condition." As a guest scientist, I spent nearly half a year at the Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, IfL) studying Chinese old atlases and relevant Soviet atlases in order to investigate the relationship between them and the development of Chinese atlases, particularly school atlases. The research findings were presented at the IfL inner colloquium, and I also kept a blog to document this unique event.

Abstract: This report offers the evaluation results for the Fengtai District planning implementation in 2018, the possible recommendations that will be implemented, as well as a supplemental index system. To ensure the impartiality of the evaluation process and findings, the results were inferred using relevant data and work elaborations provided by appropriate departments, as well as multiple expert meetings validating the contents and making suggestions for improvement. During this evaluation, we entered basic evaluation information into GIS and compared it to the indexes of Beijing's Master Plan (2016-2035) and Fengtai District Spatial Plan (2017-2035) with statistical tables to summarize the developing problems and then provide feasible proposals. Finally, in light of the flaws identified in this review, supplementary evaluation indexes are proposed in addition to the evaluation index system mandated by the superior government. Along with this year's results, it is intended that the data will continue to aid many stakeholders in the design of urban policy and company strategy.

Key Words: Planning implementation evaluation, evaluation indexes, Fengtai District Spatial Plan, Beijing’s Master Plan